00:00 Peasants in medieval society resisted the hierarchical order and often engaged in acts of rebellion against the elites.

05:51 Peasants in medieval society increasingly exercised their agency and shaped the world they lived in, leading to a widespread phenomenon of unrest and rebellion across Europe.

10:43 The Black Death and its aftermath, including war, famine, and climate change, led to a massive demographic shift and a decrease in tensions among peasants due to lower rents and higher wages, but landlords and elites resisted giving up their power, resulting in serious conflicts and political unrest in the late Middle Ages.

15:56 Peasant uprisings were common in Europe during the late Middle Ages, taking various forms and occurring for different reasons, with some being shockingly violent and others achieving their goals peacefully, and these uprisings were in addition to everyday forms of resistance by peasants such as foot-dragging, dissimulation, and pilfering, which occasionally escalated into more significant rebellions, as seen in Flanders in the low countries.

20:44 In Flanders, a political revolt led by peasants and supported by the cities against Count Louis of Nevers escalated into open rebellion, with peasant armies defeating noble forces in battle, until King Charles IV of France intervened and forced a peace agreement that did not completely suppress the revolt.

25:26 The Flemish rebellion led by peasants in Flanders against Count Louis of Nevers was crushed by King Philip VI of France, resulting in the deaths of thousands of peasants and the loss of privileges for towns and cities, but the tradition of popular politics persisted and Flanders would continue to rebel in the future.

30:24 The peasants' revolt in France was fundamentally a political event driven by the failure of the nobility to protect the kingdom and the seizure of peasants' property, and similar politically motivated revolts also occurred in cities, such as the Chiampi Revolt in Florence, which demanded economic self-determination and a say in the government.

35:02 In 1381, tensions between regular people and the government in England boiled over due to heavy taxation and widespread tax fraud, leading to a rebellion known as the Peasants' Revolt.

40:10 The Great Peasants' Rebellion of 1381 began with villagers refusing to deal with tax collectors, and quickly spread as representatives from various villages organized and targeted royal ministers, officials, and harsh private lords, engaging in a carefully choreographed orgy of violence and retribution.

44:52 The peasant rebels had a coherent ideology centered around the cult of kingship and were against the corrupt counselors advising the king, but their political vision was also fused with a radical attack on the class structure of medieval society.

49:41 The rebellion of 1381 was one of the most successful and largest in scale, and it revealed the deep unrest and fear that existed within medieval society.