00:00 On June 21st, 1467, the remains of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, were carried through the streets of Bruges, marking the end of a powerful and rich ruler who had been a key player in European politics for 47 years.

05:43 The Valois dukes of Burgundy began and ended their reign on the battlefield, with Philip the Bold inheriting the wealthy and extensive duchy of Burgundy from his father, John the Good, and also marrying Margaret of Maul, the heiress of Flanders.

10:45 Philip the Bold married Margaret of Maul, uniting their territories and making the Duke of Burgundy the richest and most powerful non-king in Europe, and he used his position to enrich himself and expand his territory.

15:43 John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, was assassinated in a carefully planned and premeditated attack by the Dauphin Charles and his men on the bridge of Montella in 1419.

20:41 Duke John the Fearless is assassinated, and his son Philip the Good becomes the Duke of Burgundy, leading to a golden age of territorial expansion and administrative efficiency.

25:42 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, had no interest in an all-out war with the Dauphin Charles and only engaged in military campaigns when his own lands were threatened or when he was paid handsomely by the English, eventually leading to a long-term peace agreement between Philip and Charles in 1435.

30:44 Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, strategically acquired various territories in the modern-day Netherlands, western Belgium, and Luxembourg by taking advantage of the weak financial situations and lack of legitimate heirs of the ruling dynasties, as well as the appeal of his law and order, commercial connections, and wealth to the representative institutions of these territories.

35:38 The Dukes of Burgundy were composite monarchs, ruling over multiple territories with separate rights of rulership, and when they acquired new lands, they dissolved existing princely courts and replaced them with a new administrative council led by a provincial governor, creating a more rational and bureaucratic approach to governing.

41:08 The deep-seated conflict between Charles the Bold and Louis XI, fueled by their conflicting interests and the War of the Public Wheel, ultimately led to violence and constant threats of war between the two rulers.

45:57 Charles the Bold strategically expanded his territory by conquering Liege, Gelder's, Alsace, and Lorraine, and implemented military innovations such as gunpowder artillery and a permanent standing army.

50:44 Charles the Bold's military innovations and strategic alliances allowed him to build a formidable army, but his expensive war efforts and inability to secure loans left him financially strained and vulnerable to an alliance of enemies, resulting in a humiliating defeat.

55:39 Charles the Bold's military campaign against the Swiss ended in disaster as he suffered a humiliating defeat and was killed in battle, marking the end of the Valois-Dukes of Burgundy and their state.