00:00 The Wars of the Roses were a series of violent conflicts in England from 1455 to 1485, sparked by the absence and incapability of King Henry VI to make decisions, leading to a power struggle between the Yorkists and Lancastrians, with Edward, Earl of March, emerging as a charismatic and capable leader for the Yorkists.

06:18 Edward, Earl of March, wins his first great victory and has captured Lancastrian nobleman executed, including Owen Tudor, the ancestor of the future Tudor dynasty, while his ally, the Earl of Warwick, is forced to leave London and meet Queen Margaret in battle at the city of Saint Albans, resulting in a Lancastrian victory and King Henry VI changing hands once again.

11:40 The battle at Touten resulted in a Yorkist victory, with many Lancastrians killed and the remaining Lancastrian leaders fleeing to Scotland, revealing the hierarchical nature of English society and the importance of vertical ties between individuals.

16:48 The battle at Touten revealed the hierarchical nature of English society and the importance of vertical ties between individuals, as well as the recruitment and payment system of the English armies during the Wars of the Roses.

22:55 Edward IV became king of England in 1461 and quickly established his rule by offering mercy to former Lancastrians, restoring the legal system, and rewarding his supporters, including his brothers Richard and George; he also faced challenges from remaining Lancastrians and betrayal from some of the lords he had pardoned, and he ultimately married Elizabeth Woodville, a widow of a Lancastrian lord, which caused tension with the Earl of Warwick.

28:05 Edward IV quickly established powerful relationships with the high nobility of England through his wife Elizabeth Woodville's family, but tensions arose with the Earl of Warwick, who grew dissatisfied with Edward's rule and ultimately led a rebellion against him, capturing Edward and taking control of the kingdom.

33:33 After tensions between noble families erupted into violence, Edward IV was released from prison and managed to restore order in England, with the help of his loyal brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and his brother George abandoning Warwick to join him.

39:00 After defeating Warwick and killing him in battle, King Edward IV faced a new threat from Queen Margaret and Prince Edward, but he managed to catch up with them at Tewkesbury and win the battle, resulting in the death of Prince Edward and the capture of Queen Margaret, solidifying Edward's rule and effectively ending the Wars of the Roses.

44:49 After solidifying his rule and effectively ending the Wars of the Roses, King Edward IV successfully united the kingdom and ruled England with skill and satisfaction, managing the high nobility, maintaining order, and even negotiating to bring Henry Tudor, the last Lancastrian, back to England.

49:59 In 1483, King Edward IV fell ill and died, leaving his 12-year-old son as the new king, but power struggles between Anthony Woodville and Richard, Duke of Gloucester, led to the imprisonment and execution of Woodville and other enemies, solidifying Richard's control.

55:01 Richard III spread false propaganda claiming that the young King Edward and his brother were illegitimate, resulting in their imprisonment and probable execution, while Henry Tudor planned to overthrow Richard III and stake his claim on the throne.

01:00:13 Henry Tudor raised the banner of the dragon and gathered reinforcements, while Richard III gathered an army to crush him, resulting in a battle near the village of Bosworth where Richard III fell and Henry Tudor emerged victorious, marrying Elizabeth of York and uniting the warring factions of York and Lancaster in the Tudor dynasty.