00:00 Phineas Gage survived a horrific brain injury while working on a railroad, becoming a case study for neuroscientists.

01:43 Phineas Gage was injured when a gunpowder explosion caused a tamping rod to go through his head.

03:19 Phineas Gage miraculously survived after a three-foot-long iron rod went through his head, causing him to have convulsions but remain conscious and able to walk and talk.

04:50 Despite slipping into a coma and facing the threat of infection, Phineas Gage miraculously survived the accident and was able to walk, talk, and eventually return home to his family, although he did suffer some permanent physical effects.

06:18 Phineas Gage's personality underwent a radical change after the accident, with his doctor describing him as fitful, irreverent, and indulging in profanity, as well as being impatient, obstinate, and capricious.

07:48 A year after his accident, Phineas Gage was examined at Harvard University Medical School, where doctors initially doubted the validity of his injury until they physically confirmed it, making him a significant case study for the importance of the brain's frontal lobe and supporting the theories of phrenologists, and after a short period of returning to work and touring, Gage's personality changes mostly vanished, which is often overlooked by researchers, but he later developed severe epileptic seizures and returned to the United States.

09:15 Phineas Gage died at the age of 36, most likely due to his accident, and his case has been widely studied and mentioned in psychology textbooks, with his skull and iron tamping bar on display at the Harvard Medical School's Warren Anatomical Museum.