00:00 Manners are a culturally-bound expectation of polite behavior that can vary from locality to locality and are ingrained from childhood, while etiquette is a more formalized set of rules often tied to ritualized and formal situations.

04:50 Manners are not just about being polite, but are the unwritten rules that keep society functioning and can range from prohibitions on violence to acts of kindness, ultimately holding civilization together.

09:40 Manners are culturally bound and can vary greatly from one society to another, such as the tradition of criticizing the meat brought back by hunters in the Joe Hoansi culture of Namibia, or the differences in mealtime etiquette between European and Native American cultures.

14:48 Manners and etiquette have changed over the years, with a big shift occurring during the medieval era through the 19th century when people started to care about how they were viewed by others and began feeling shame for certain behaviors, leading to the emergence of guides to manners such as the one written by Erasmus in 1530.

19:53 The Earl of Chesterfield wrote a series of letters to his illegitimate son in the mid-1700s, providing witty and insightful advice on manners and behavior in civilized society.

25:00 In the 1920s, Americans were introduced to formal etiquette through Emily Post's book, which became the most successful etiquette book of all time, and she emphasized the importance of good behavior and charm in order to belong in polite society.

30:04 Manners and etiquette are not easily translated across cultures, but one universal concept is the interaction between superiors and inferiors within a society.

35:40 In Australia and New Zealand, punctuality is considered even more important than in the United States, with a five minute grace period and a 15 minute limit for appointments before being penalized, and eye contact is also different in different cultures, with the United States valuing a certain amount of eye contact while in the UK, it is not common to make much eye contact during a conversation.

40:18 Manners and etiquette have evolved over time, with some traditional customs no longer being considered important or relevant, such as knowing which fork to use or keeping your elbows off the table, while new manners and etiquette have emerged in the 21st century, such as not smoking in public spaces.

44:59 The evolution of etiquette and manners provides a snapshot of the time we live in today, with new rules emerging such as the 72-hour amnesty from mentioning how long it took to respond to a text.

49:58 The rest of Europe allowed Leopold II to set up his own personal colony in Africa, using a propaganda campaign to create a veneer of beneficent stewardship that allowed for unchecked exploitation of the land and people.