00:00 Concussions occur when the brain moves and hits the skull, causing damage.

03:38 Concussions can lead to early death, dementia, or Alzheimer's, and there are both outward and inward symptoms that can indicate a concussion.

07:27 The NFL has been criticized for not taking concussions seriously, but after pressure from players' wives, they created the 88 plan to provide financial support for families affected by early dementia and Alzheimer's, and recently implemented a new rule that prevents players with certain concussion symptoms from returning to the game.

11:17 The Sports Legacy Institute studies the brains of deceased football players and has found that even young athletes have brains that resemble those of 80-year-old Alzheimer's patients.

15:37 Brainstem herniation can lead to death, and it's surprising that an NFL player hasn't died on the football field yet, but changes are being made in the right direction; however, concussions are not just a problem in the NFL, as children are also at risk, with concussions being the leading head injury for children.

18:51 Concussions are difficult to diagnose and treat because they cannot be seen on MRI or CT scans, and people often underreport their symptoms, but research is being done to better understand concussions and their long-term effects.

22:24 Concussions can result from various activities, including sports, auto accidents, and horseback riding, and it is important to take precautions to protect the head and prevent further injury.

26:17 This section includes listener mail from two kids, one asking for advice on getting a girl and the other sharing a poem about a bird's demise.

29:56 The hosts encourage listeners to join their Kiva team and donate, and provide information on how to do so, as well as how to contact them via email.