The Byzantine Empire: A Continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire
TLDR The Byzantine Empire, which can be traced back to the split of the Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire and lasted for over a thousand years. Despite being referred to as Byzantine by Western historians, the empire considered itself Roman and had a significant influence on the development of the country Romania.
Timestamped Summary
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The Byzantine Empire, despite being one of the largest empires in history, never actually existed.
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The Byzantine Empire, despite its thousand-year history and vast territory, never referred to itself as Byzantine and considered itself Roman.
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The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of the Eastern Roman Empire and can be traced back to the Roman Emperor Diocletian's system of splitting the empire into two parts, East and West, known as the Tetraarchy.
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The Byzantine Empire can be considered to have started with the split of the Roman Empire into two parts after the death of Constantine the Great.
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The Byzantine Empire is difficult to pinpoint a starting date for, but it can be considered to have ended on May 29th, 1453, with the fall of Constantinople.
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The term "Byzantine Empire" was coined by Western historians to distinguish the Greek-speaking Christian Empire centered in Constantinople from the earlier Latin-speaking Pagan Empire centered in Rome, but in the Islamic and Slavic worlds, there was never really a distinction and it was referred to as the Roman nation.
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The name of the country Romania comes from the Byzantines, who considered themselves Roman.