00:00 The Austronesian people embarked on a remarkable journey over 4,000 years ago, spreading their languages and cultures across Southeast Asia and Oceania.

04:03 Around 4,500 years ago, a wave of migration from Taiwan brought the Austronesian people and their languages to the Philippines, New Guinea, Indonesia, and Oceania, resulting in a maritime world that has lasted for over 4,000 years and influenced cultures from Madagascar to Easter Island.

07:56 Around 50,000 years ago, the first modern human migrants crossed the open sea into Sahul (New Guinea and Australia), and then some groups crossed another stretch of open sea to reach the Bismarck Islands, Solomon Islands, and other islands to the east of New Guinea, marking the limit of human activity in the Pacific for tens of thousands of years.

11:39 Around 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, speakers of Austronesian languages began a series of ambitious voyages that took them thousands of miles south, west, and east, marking the start of the Austronesian expansion.

16:40 Around 6,000 years ago, the Neolithic people in Taiwan diversified into regional cultures, with some practicing agriculture and others relying on coastal foraging, and the emergence of rice and millet farming led to a population increase and the migration of Austronesian-speaking people to the Philippines and beyond, although these migrants were not representative of the entire Neolithic population in Taiwan.

20:33 The initial Austronesian dispersal from Taiwan was not representative of the entire Neolithic population, but rather a specific subset of people living in southern and eastern Taiwan who were skilled seafarers, engaged in trade, and subsisted on a variety of food sources, including deep-sea fishing, making them the perfect candidates for migration.

24:21 The Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to the northern Philippines was driven by factors such as population pressure and environmental shifts, including tectonic uplift and soil erosion.

28:40 The Austronesian migrants from Taiwan to the northern Philippines were driven by push factors such as population pressure and environmental degradation, and they utilized sophisticated maritime technology, including outrigger canoes, to make the journey.

32:28 The Austronesian migrants from Taiwan established themselves in Northern Luzon by 2000 BC and spoke an Austronesian language ancestral to proto-Malayo Polynesian, but there is disagreement among scholars about the subsequent migration and language shift in Southeast Asia and Oceania.

36:14 The Mariana Islands, including Guam, Tinian, and Saipan, were the first remote Pacific islands to be colonized by people from the Philippines, specifically Luzon, around 1500 BC, despite the incredible distance and lack of intermediate steps or island hopping.