00:00 This episode is about how the sun works and is known as the "worst episode ever" because the hosts got a lot of it wrong.

04:16 The sun's radius is about 432,000 miles, 109 times the radius of the earth, and it is made up entirely of gas that is held together by extreme gravity and heat, which converts the gas into plasma.

07:54 The core of the sun is so dense and hot that it makes up two percent of the sun's volume but half of its density, and it is where nuclear fusion reactions occur to create helium four and release energy.

12:20 The radiative zone extends about 55 percent of the sun's radius from the core, and it takes about a million years for a photon of light to travel through this zone, undergoing absorption and re-emission by gas molecules.

15:57 The photosphere is the outermost layer of the sun that gives it a round crisp edge, while the chromosphere is the layer above it that is heated by the photosphere and has a temperature that can rise up to 10,000 kelvin, and the corona is the final layer that extends several million miles outward from the photosphere and has a temperature of two million degrees kelvin.

19:36 Sunspots occur on 11-year cycles and their activity, along with solar prominences and coronal mass ejections, can affect Earth's magnetic field and cause phenomena like the aurora borealis, but these events are just part of a 22-year cycle of the sun and not catastrophic events. The sun is actually white, but its color appears to change due to the atmosphere acting as a filter, and it vibrates constantly like a bell, producing sound waves that we cannot hear.

23:10 In about five billion years, the sun will run out of fuel and turn into a red giant, vaporizing the Earth in the process.

27:16 In about 10 billion years, the sun will turn into a white dwarf and eventually a black dwarf, taking several billion years to complete the process.