00:00 The Indus Valley civilization slowly decayed and faded into legend as the cities were abandoned due to drought and lack of resources.

04:42 The Indus Valley Civilization, known for its prosperous cities and advanced society, suddenly collapsed around 1900 BC, leading to the abandonment of the cities and the disintegration of the civilization.

08:58 The Indus Valley Civilization was a homegrown development that flourished from about 2600 to about 1900 BC, characterized by urbanism and independent growth from the earlier Neolithic traditions in South Asia.

13:05 The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, consisted of five major cities and numerous smaller towns and villages, covering a vast region and home to hundreds of thousands of people who shared a common material culture and way of life, but the cities eventually became abandoned and the region transformed into desert.

17:41 The Indus Valley Civilization is largely a mystery due to the lack of decipherable texts and evidence of social and political structures, making it difficult to determine the organization and identity of the society.

21:47 The cities of the Indus Valley civilization were largely egalitarian, with houses belonging to kinship units and neighborhoods consisting of houses and occasional public structures, while towns focused on resource exploitation and villages grew crops to feed the urban populations, with pastoralists playing a less visible role.

25:57 The Indus Valley civilization was remarkably egalitarian, with a determination to present an egalitarian facade and strong pressures to avoid expressions of inequality, contrasting with other hierarchical civilizations of the time, and despite being an effectively integrated cultural and social space, there were restricted ties to the outside world and a near absence of imported finished goods.

30:18 The end of the Indus Valley civilization was influenced by a series of three droughts, with the last one lasting approximately 90 years, leading to more difficult growing conditions for both summer and winter crops.

36:23 The end of the Indus Valley civilization was characterized by reduced surpluses, decreased margins of error, elevated vulnerability to environmental hazards, trade-offs in crop choices, less focus on craft activities, increased disease and mortality rates, and a shift in settlement patterns towards smaller, less permanent configurations.

40:31 The decline of the Indus Valley civilization led to the abandonment of cities, a decrease in population, and a shift towards more local and smaller-scale settlements, while also bringing about changes in subsistence patterns, settlement patterns, and migration.