00:00 PTSD was first described during the Civil War and is a result of encountering traumatic events and high levels of stress.

04:32 PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder, was first described during World War I as "Shell Shock" and has since been studied extensively, with symptoms overlapping with mild traumatic brain injuries and contributing factors including perceived danger and the size of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

09:01 PTSD is a set of symptoms that result from a trauma, which can be experienced by anyone and can be triggered by various events, and the cornerstone symptom is re-experiencing the trauma through nightmares and day terrors.

13:28 PTSD can be chronic or delayed onset, and children can also experience symptoms, but researchers have found risk factors and protective factors that can influence the development of PTSD, including prior trauma and prolonged, intense trauma experienced by the military; the condition is also becoming more understood as a brain-based disorder, with chemicals and genetic markers playing a role, such as glucocorticoids, which help control the stress response and can be depleted after trauma, leading to a heightened fear and stress response, and cortisol, another glucocorticoid, which can affect memory and is being used in treatments to decrease memory and lower the stress response.

17:56 Risk factors and protective factors for developing PTSD include personality traits like optimism and belief in order, as well as avoidance behavior, and factors such as education level and gender may also play a role, with college graduates and women being less likely to experience PTSD.

22:05 A study found that people with PTSD had six to seven times the epigenetic changes of the control group, with most of those changes related to genes responsible for the immune system.

26:38 Cognitive processing therapy and exposure therapy are two methods used to treat PTSD by reordering the brain and reliving traumatic memories in order to reduce fear and promote fear extinction, often in combination with medication such as SSRIs.

30:45 Researchers have found that certain medications, such as chlycosine and beta blockers, can be used in combination with therapy to effectively treat PTSD, and the army is now implementing resilience training to mentally prepare soldiers for the different phases of deployment and prevent PTSD.

35:05 Researchers are exploring the use of various medications, such as gastrin releasing peptide and ecstasy, as well as techniques like Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, to treat PTSD.

39:29 This section does not contain any relevant information about PTSD.