00:00 We are currently in an ice age, despite the hot summers and climate not changing.

05:02 We are currently in the Holocene epoch, which is part of the Quaternary ice age, specifically in the Flandrian interglacial period, and even though it's interglacial, we are still in an ice age.

09:49 The first person to advance a genuine hypothesis for ice ages was a Swiss geologist in 1837, who initially believed that an ice age happened very quickly and followed a catastrophe, but was ultimately wrong.

14:27 During the last ice age, about a third of the Earth was covered in glaciers, which were about a mile thick and made up of densely packed snow that never fully melted, resulting in the formation of ice that could move due to its mass and gravity.

19:56 During the ice age, glaciers created grooves in mountains and valleys, deposited debris like erratic boulders and gravel, and stirred up dust that covered the earth.

24:35 During an ice age, even areas not covered by glaciers can still be affected by glaciation through the formation of glacial deserts and the deposition of lowest, which can result in a decrease in temperature and the growth of glaciers.

29:37 Scientists have found evidence in the fossil and geological record that ice ages occur every 41,000 years in the first two million years of the quaternary period, and then switch to occurring every 100,000 years in the most recent million years.

34:21 The creation of the Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau, along with the upwelling of earth and the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere, likely contributed to the timing and severity of the quaternary ice age, and other factors such as dust, volcanic activity, and sunspots also played a role in cooling the Earth and causing the little ice age in Europe.

39:22 Glaciers can move surprisingly fast, with one in Alaska in 1986 advancing at 180 miles per hour, and sunspots, which are cooler spots on the sun that contain magnetic energy, can indirectly cool the Earth by reducing cloud cover and allowing heat to escape into space.

44:07 The prediction of a period of very low sunspot activity in 30 years does not necessarily mean there will be another ice age, as the increase in temperature caused by burning fossil fuels may prevent glaciation from occurring again.