00:00 The Vikings of Greenland built a society on the edge of the world, surviving for centuries in harsh conditions before their civilization mysteriously collapsed.

07:28 The Vikings arrived in Iceland and quickly built over 1500 farms, but soon stories began to spread about a new land, prompting Erik the Red to set out on a journey to find it.

14:19 Erik the Red, after being banished from Iceland, sets sail to Greenland and discovers a small strip of land that he plans to settle permanently, convincing others to join him by giving the land the appealing name of Greenland.

20:41 Erik the Red and his fleet of 25 ships, carrying men, women, children, supplies, and livestock, faced immense dangers and casualties on their journey to Greenland, but ultimately succeeded in establishing settlements and adapting to the harsh Arctic climate.

27:13 The Vikings in Greenland thrived and became wealthy by hunting walrus for their valuable ivory tusks, as well as selling narwhal horns as unicorn horns, attracting more people to the settlements and building impressive structures like a Christian cathedral and a barn. However, despite their advancements, the Greenland colonies were never self-sufficient, as demonstrated by the story of Asmund Kastanrassi, who built a ship in Greenland but perished when it fell apart on his journey back to Norway, highlighting the difficulty of life in Greenland if their connection to Europe was severed.

33:30 The Norse Vikings and the indigenous Thule people in Greenland had encounters that were sometimes violent, but also involved trade and cultural exchange.

39:33 Leif Ericsson, son of Eric the Red, was blown off course while returning to Greenland and discovered a strange land, which he named Vinland, where he found wild grapes and a mild climate, leading to further exploration by other Norsemen.

45:57 The Vikings were unable to establish a permanent settlement in North America due to the fierce reaction of the indigenous inhabitants of Vinland, but they did set up temporary camps in Canada and one confirmed Norse site has been discovered in Newfoundland, Canada; however, the Greenland settlements themselves were threatened and the Western Settlement fell, with the last person to see it in ruins being Ivor Bardeson, who believed the settlers had been killed by the indigenous people of Greenland.

52:28 The Greenland Vikings were initially able to transplant their European lifestyle to Greenland during a period of warmth, but as the climate shifted and temperatures dropped during the Little Ice Age, they struggled to adapt and continued to cling to their European culture, ultimately leading to their demise.

58:40 The Greenland Norse did not completely adopt the ways of the Inuit, but they did undergo a shift in their diet, hunting seals and increasing the proportion of food from the sea, while also managing their scarce resources and limiting their hunting of endangered species. However, despite their efforts to adapt, the population began to suffer from severe malnourishment, as shown by stunted growth and worn down teeth, and their connection to Europe, which allowed them to continue getting supplies, was put under increasing strain due to the bubonic plague.

01:04:52 The decline of the Greenland Vikings was exacerbated by the Black Death in Norway, the attack on Bergen by German pirates, severed trade routes, dwindling resources, and the increasing dangers of hunting seals and walrus, leading to the disappearance of the Greenland Vikings by 1435.

01:11:20 The theory is proposed that the Greenland Vikings may not have simply starved and frozen to death, but instead may have left Greenland and sailed to Vinland (Canada) in search of a new home due to the worsening climate and difficult conditions in Greenland.

01:17:46 The theory that some of the Vikings in Greenland may have assimilated into the Inuit population and adopted their customs remains just a theory without archaeological evidence, but it is an intriguing possibility to consider.