00:00 The episode explores the event of partition in 1947, which divided British ruled India into independent India and Pakistan, resulting in the largest mass migration in modern history and leaving a trail of chaos and violence.

05:44 The host's grandmother, who was forced to leave India during partition, is nostalgic about her childhood home and the host's sister is able to track it down with the help of a local resident.

11:04 India was under British rule, known as the Raj, which was a period of exploitation and resource depletion for India, leading to tensions between British traders and Indians, and the British colonial system politicized and prioritized religious categories, leading to the formation of religious identities and divisions.

16:16 Nehru's early life was shaped by England and English values, and he had a rivalrous relationship with Jinnah even before they were political opponents, as tensions between them simmered and the categories the British had been pushing began to seep into politics, leading to the formation of religious parties like the Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha, while the British were busy with World War I and sent over a million Indian troops to fight, and in April 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre brought Jinnah, Nehru, Gandhi, and an entire generation of Indians together against the British.

21:49 While Nehru was in prison for about ten years, Jinnah pursued a lucrative legal profession in London, leading Nehru to view him as an opportunist rather than someone dedicated to India's independence.

27:13 The idea of Pakistan, initially rejected as impracticable, remained and the seeds of partition were planted, leading to Jinnah's push for more autonomy for Muslims and Nehru's reneging on promises, which sowed mistrust and led to the parting of ways between the two leaders.

31:52 With the British Empire no longer able to maintain control over India, the potential for violence between Hindus and Muslims, as seen in the Great Calcutta Killings, led to the Indian leaders agreeing to the partition of India into separate Hindu and Muslim majority nations.

37:24 The partition of India was seen as a complete betrayal by Nehru, who wanted a unified India for both principle and geopolitical reasons, and the drawing of the borders by Cyril Radcliffe resulted in chaos and unforeseen consequences.

43:23 The violence and chaos of the partition of India resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people, the abduction and abuse of women, and the displacement of millions, with the effects of partition continuing long after its official end in 1947.

48:17 Partition in the Indian subcontinent continues to have lasting effects, with further divisions and conflicts occurring in places like Bangladesh and Kashmir, and the memories and consequences of partition shaping the present-day relationships between India and Pakistan.