00:00 The Ottoman Empire, often seen as a distant and exotic Islamic power, was actually a fundamentally European state that expanded into Christian territory and ruled over more Christians than Muslims.

04:59 The Ottoman Empire expanded into Christian territory and ruled over more Christians than Muslims, but they were never isolated from the rest of the Islamic world and had early competitors in the Turkmen Baileaks of Anatolia, borrowing bureaucratic practices from their Islamic neighbors and appealing to Muslim Turkmen tribesmen for their conquests.

09:26 The Ottoman Empire was part of a vast and interconnected Islamic world, with cultural, political, and religious connections stretching from Iran to Central Asia, India, and Africa, and they benefited from and participated in many of the broader trends of the Islamic world.

13:48 The death of Sultan Mehmet in 1481 sparked a power struggle between his two sons, Bayezid and Shem, with Bayezid likely poisoning his father and standing to gain the most from his death.

19:21 The death of Sultan Mehmet in 1481 sparked a power struggle between his two sons, Bayezid and Shem, with Bayezid likely poisoning his father and standing to gain the most from his death.

23:44 The Ottomans and the Mamluks clashed in a major way when the Mamluks offered support to the renegade Ottoman prince, Chem, in his attempt to overthrow Beyazid and regain some ground for the Mamluks.

28:04 The Mamluks were facing challenges such as a decline in military capability, devastation from Tamerlane's invasion, population reduction from plague, and economic issues, while also realizing the rising power of the Ottomans and the potential threat they posed, leading to their support of Chem and the outbreak of war in 1485, which initially did not go well for Beyazid.

32:27 The Mamluks and Ottomans were engaged in a costly and inconclusive war, which eventually led to a stalemate and both sides being ready for peace by 1490, but the Ottomans, led by Beyazid, were able to gain an advantage by raiding the Spanish coast and positioning themselves as the true defenders of Islam, marking the decline of the Mamluks and their military glory that had lasted for 250 years.

37:36 After a 25-year period of peace, Bayezid turned his attention back to the West due to the fall of Granada and the threat of crusade from Ferdinand and Isabella, as well as the invasion of Italy by Charles VIII, who had intentions of using his claim to Naples as a base for a crusade against the Ottomans; however, Charles' plans were thwarted when Bayezid's brother Cem died, giving Bayezid the freedom to wage war on Christian Europe, with his main target being Venice, and while the Venetians were able to regain some territory, they were ultimately forced to cede key ports to the Ottomans.

42:12 Salim, the youngest son of Bayezid, successfully takes the throne in 1512 and proceeds to defeat the Safavids and the Mamluks, effectively doubling the size, population, and wealth of the Ottoman Empire and establishing themselves as the preeminent world power in the region.