00:00 The king is dead and his subjects must ensure his proper burial and the continuation of his dynasty in order to restore order to a fragmented and disunited Egypt.

04:56 The Middle Kingdom is a fundamental period in Egyptian history that should not be marginalized, as it represents the constant tendency towards fragmentation and disunity in ancient Egypt.

09:44 The First Intermediate period marked the disappearance of a centralized authority ruling over all of Egypt, leading to a fragmentation of power and the rise of local officials, resulting in a less hierarchical society with flourishing local and regional cultures.

14:33 The Theban kings of the 11th dynasty eventually conquered their rivals at Heracliopolis, extended their rule over all of Egypt, and became the first rulers of the Middle Kingdom, although the exact process of reunification is unclear.

20:04 During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians looked back to the Old Kingdom as a time without fear of chaos, but they also innovated and tried new things, such as Mentuhotep II claiming divine status while still alive, and Thebes became a strong base for Egypt's new rulers due to its favorable geographical position and tradition of centralized state control.

24:44 Mentuhotep II's reign involved smiting Egyptians to reunite Upper and Lower Egypt, reorganizing the kingdom's governance, and launching a large-scale building program, including the construction of an innovative mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri in Thebes; the 12th Dynasty saw major changes, with Amenemhat the First becoming pharaoh, possibly after winning a civil war, and moving Egypt's capital back to the north.

29:29 Amenemhat I founded a new capital called Ich Shawi Amenemhat, built a small pyramid, ruled jointly with his son, and inaugurated a stable and productive period in ancient Egyptian history known as the 12th dynasty, characterized by great works of art, architecture, and literature, as well as a shift in religious beliefs and the centralization of power.

34:11 The Middle Kingdom was a politically stable period in ancient Egypt characterized by art, architecture, literature, and the production of written works of art, such as wisdom literature, which explored themes of life, death, and the afterlife.

39:00 The rulers of the 13th dynasty moved their capital to Thebes, losing control of the Nile Delta and lower Egypt, while new dynasties of kings rose to power in different parts of Egypt, including the Hexos dynasty in Avaris, who were migrants from the Levant and gradually integrated into Egyptian society.

43:34 Tel El Daba grew in size and wealth, and the Hiksos rulers, who were a distinct group in an Egyptian world that was more diverse than expected, fought against their rivals in Upper Egypt, ultimately winning the Reconquest and establishing the 18th dynasty.

48:09 II Enret Tao, an Egyptian ruler, was captured and executed by the Hyksos, leaving his sons to continue the campaign of reconquest against them.