00:00 The Ionian revolt of 499 is discussed, focusing on the Greek city-states on the western coast of Turkey that were under Persian rule.

04:46 The Ionian revolt of 499 is discussed, focusing on the Greek city-states on the western coast of Turkey that were under Persian rule and the reasons behind the revolt.

08:56 The Ionian revolt was driven by a desire for land and access to the sea coast and trade, with Sardis becoming the focal point of rebellion due to its history of occupation, Persian identity, and wealth, while the Persians invaded Cyprus and the Phoenicians, who were under Persian rule, played a role in the revolt as well.

13:12 The Persians allowed democracy to develop in the Ionian cities as long as they continued to provide wealth and tribute, but they also realized the need for a fleet and began building ships with the aid of the Phoenicians.

17:48 Darius responds to the Ionian Revolt by sending mercenary forces and preparing his fleet to attack the city-states in the west, although the Persians are more interested in their eastern territories and the wealth in India.

22:00 The Athenians are preparing for the Persian fleet's arrival in Marathon, and their involvement in the conflict has angered Darius, who vows revenge on the Athenians.

26:12 The Athenians march to Marathon, block the Persian advance on Athens, and drive the Persians into the marshes where they are massacred.

30:28 The first marathon run of all time was from the Battle of Marathon to Athens, and the runner, after delivering the message, dropped dead, leading to the question of why he didn't ride a horse, and the Battle of Marathon becomes the defining moment in Athenian identity.

35:13 After the death of Darius, Xerxes becomes king and faces rebellions in Babylon and Egypt.

39:34 Xerxes is portrayed as a supervillain by Herodotus and other ancient sources, but there is a Persian version that is often overlooked, where he is depicted as a figure of fun and hubristic.