00:00 This section of the transcript does not contain any relevant information about the topic of "How Desalination Works."

04:20 The transcript section does not contain any relevant information about the topic of "How Desalination Works."

08:37 The ocean is salty because salt from rocks on land is carried into streams, rivers, and eventually the ocean, and desalination is important because clean drinking water is becoming increasingly scarce and is predicted to affect billions of people in the future.

12:48 Desalination plants are able to produce a large amount of fresh water, but it is still a small percentage of the total amount of water used by humans every day, and there are currently 17,000 desalination plants online with the potential to double by 2020.

17:37 Reverse osmosis is the most widely used method of desalination, and it involves using pressure to push salt water through a semipermeable membrane, filtering out the salt.

21:32 Reverse osmosis is one method of desalination, where salt water is filtered through a membrane under pressure, while multi-stage flash involves boiling the water quickly multiple times to collect fresh water vapor, but both methods produce a concentrated brine that is harmful to the environment and efforts are being made to dilute and disperse it strategically.

25:39 Desalination engineers have to figure out what to do with the brine produced from reverse osmosis or multi-stage flash, and desalination is expensive, with the cost of delivering desalinated water in Carlsbad, California being about $2,000 per foot acre, leading to concerns about increasing costs and the need for conservation.

30:25 Desalination plants require a tremendous amount of energy, leading to increased costs and environmental impact, and there have been examples of plants being shut down due to the high cost of producing water and the return of rain.

34:35 Efforts are being made to invest in smaller, more affordable desalination units that can provide water to villages in developing countries.