00:00 Using animals as models for testing new things and finding out new things about humans has been a long-standing habit, dating back to at least 1937.

04:39 In 1937, a drug called sulfanilamide elixir caused the deaths of 100 people in the US because it was mixed with a poisonous solution, leading to the enactment of the FDA cosmetic act in 1938, which required animal testing for drugs.

09:23 Animal testing has been around since ancient times, with the first recorded example being Galen's demonstration in Second Century Rome, and it continued to be used for scientific experimentation in the late 19th century by microbiologist Robert Koch.

14:12 Animal testing has been used for various purposes, including studying behavior and conducting medical experiments, such as determining that anthrax is blood-borne and can be lethal, as well as using animals like fruit flies and nematodes to track insulin regulation and mutations more quickly and inexpensively.

19:10 Different animals are used for different purposes in animal testing, such as using armadillos to study vaccines for leprosy and koalas to study chlamydia.

24:14 Different animals, such as mice, beagles, macaque monkeys, pigs, and goats, are used in animal testing for various purposes, including disease research, genetics, behavioral studies, and live tissue trauma training for battlefield medics.

29:18 Animal testing has led to significant medical advances and increased life expectancy, but there are strong arguments against it, including ethical concerns, inefficiency, and the failure of many drugs tested on animals to work in humans.

34:32 A survey found that a significant percentage of publicly funded scientific studies involving animal testing did not adhere to basic scientific standards, wasting the lives of the animals involved.

39:50 The UK has long been a leader in animal rights, and in 1876 they passed the cruelty to animals act, and in 1954, two researchers came up with the three Rs - replacement, reduction, and refinement - as a way to improve the treatment of animals in experiments.

45:04 Animal rights groups argue that computer modeling and simulations are not only cruelty-free, but also smarter and better than animal testing, while proponents of animal testing claim that computer models have dismal results and are unproven, leading to a movement in biomedicine to replace animals with computer models and alternative methods such as CT scans, MRIs, and micro dosing.

49:54 The hosts discuss a listener's observation that they had covered the topic of customs twice, with the second episode being the least memorable, and tease upcoming episodes about band names and puns.