00:00 Personalized medicine is based on the idea that understanding the individual patient is more important than understanding the disease itself, but for a long time, Western medicine has relied on a trial and error approach that assumes what works for most people will work for everyone.

04:34 Personalized medicine recognizes that individuals can have different reactions to treatments and diseases based on their genetics, as seen in the example of African-Americans developing anemia after being given an anti-malarial drug in World War II.

08:57 Pharmacogenetics is a subfield of personalized medicine that aims to match drugs to individuals based on their genetic makeup in order to avoid adverse drug events and improve treatment outcomes.

13:26 Pharmacogenetics has already started and is becoming more accessible due to the significant drop in the cost of genome sequencing.

18:18 The future of personalized medicine involves genome sequencing becoming more accessible and affordable, with the goal of having wearable or implantable devices that analyze various aspects of the body in real-time and provide data to individuals who can then share it with their healthcare providers. This shift towards personalized medicine has already shown success in treating certain diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, by targeting specific genetic markers. Additionally, personalized medicine is changing our understanding of diseases like cystic fibrosis and cancer by revealing different mechanisms and variations within each disease.

22:41 Personalized medicine aims to stop cancer before it starts by using advanced blood tests to detect cancer development years in advance, and there are already wearable devices being developed to regulate insulin levels for individuals with type 1 diabetes. Additionally, personalized medicine is being used to develop customizable devices for individuals with tinnitus and to target specific proteins in breast cancer tumors.

27:11 Some obstacles in personalized medicine include the cost of genome sequencing, processing the data, and overstating the impact of findings, as well as the concern that people may become obsessed with their health.

31:53 The future of personalized medicine may involve the government funding a program for every American to get their genome sequenced, but one of the challenges is that the FDA is overtaxed and struggling to keep up with the rapidly evolving field.

36:09 The company 23andMe has amassed a database of 600,000 individuals' genomes, which they can sell to researchers and pharmaceutical companies for analysis and the development of personalized medicine.

40:26 This section does not contain any relevant information about personalized medicine.