00:00 Landmines are a global issue that continue to cause death and injury long after conflicts have ended, with millions of landmines still buried and new ones being laid at an alarming rate.

05:05 Landmines have been a deadly threat to civilians, especially children, since they can be left behind after wars and are often disguised or booby-trapped.

09:56 Landmines were first used in the Civil War and became more prevalent in World War One and Two, with various strategic uses such as preventing movement, rerouting troops, and slowing down the enemy.

14:57 Anti-personnel mines and anti-tank mines are the two main groups of landmines, both of which explode after pressure is put on them, with anti-personnel mines being smaller, lighter, and more abundant.

20:04 Landmines are effective because they redirect or stall people until reinforcements can arrive, and they come in different types such as anti-personnel mines, fragmentation mines, and cluster mines.

24:52 Landmines are designed to be hidden and explode with as little as 20 pounds of pressure, causing severe injuries and often requiring amputation, and they are left behind in large numbers, costing only $3 to make but $1000 to remove.

29:35 Anti-tank mines require at least 300 pounds of pressure to detonate and are designed to disable tanks, while anti-personnel mines were created to prevent people from removing the mines, and although the majority of countries have signed an international landmine treaty to ban the production and transfer of mines and work towards their removal, the US and Cuba have not signed on, but the US is a leading contributor to landmine eradication and support.

35:00 The United States is a leader in landmine removal efforts, but has not signed the international landmine treaty, which other countries like Iran, Israel, Azerbaijan, Russia, and China have signed. The US military stockpile of landmines is relatively small compared to Russia, and the Pentagon has also not signed the treaty to ban cluster bombs due to concerns about a potential ground war with North Korea. Removing landmines is a difficult and dangerous task, involving methods such as probing the ground and using trained dogs to sniff out explosives.

39:54 Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a promising technology being developed at Ohio State University that combines metal detection and radar to locate landmines and explosives underground, and can also solidify and remove the landmines using chemical agents.

45:14 Various machines and technologies, such as the Aardvark, Panther, plows, berm processing assembly, bees, rats, dogs, elephants, and drones, are being used to detect and remove landmines, with the international ban treaty and campaign to ban landmines having a significant impact on reducing casualties until 2016 when the numbers started to rise again due to conflicts in Yemen and Syria.

50:45 Princess Diana worked to raise awareness and eradicate landmines around the world, becoming a significant advocate for anti-landmine activists until her death.