00:00 Apartheid was a national policy in South Africa for about 50 years and was considered brutal and awful by the rest of the world.

04:22 Apartheid in South Africa was rooted in racial suppression that began in the 17th century with the arrival of the Dutch, who believed in white supremacy and brought along black slaves to prove it.

08:22 Apartheid in South Africa began with the arrival of the Dutch and British, who took control of the land and established a system where blacks were legally subservient to whites, which was further enforced through the discovery of diamonds and gold and the brutalization and degradation of black workers in the mines.

12:34 Apartheid in South Africa began with an all-white government that restricted black people from holding office, took their land, and pushed them onto small parcels of poor-quality land, leading to a period of segregation where blacks lost the right to vote, unionize, and participate meaningfully in society.

16:58 The apartheid regime in South Africa escalated segregation by implementing the Group Areas Act and the Bantu Homeland Act, which restricted movement and tore families apart, while also indoctrinating black students with a biased education system, leading to increased resistance and a parallel to the U.S. Civil Rights Movement.

21:20 The apartheid government in South Africa suppressed both indigenous people and white liberals who were against apartheid, and they tightly controlled access to news and music, even going so far as to scratch records so they couldn't be played; peaceful protests were met with brutal police tactics, leading to the emergence of organizations like the African National Congress and the Pan Africanist Congress, which eventually formed paramilitary wings and engaged in guerrilla warfare, resulting in Nelson Mandela being sentenced to life in prison.

25:37 The Soweto uprising and the death of Steve Biko led to widespread protests, international condemnation, and economic sanctions against South Africa.

29:54 Divestment, combined with international political pressure, led to the end of apartheid in South Africa, with FW de Klerk becoming president in 1989 and repealing apartheid laws between 1989 and 1993, ultimately leading to Nelson Mandela's release and his election as president in 1994.

33:56 The hosts briefly discuss various movies and music related to apartheid before transitioning to ads and listener mail.

37:57 This section of the podcast includes ads for online education at Arizona State University and a new podcast called "Very Special Episodes."