00:00 Pfizer and Moderna's coronavirus vaccines are showing high levels of effectiveness, with Pfizer's vaccine being 95% effective, compared to the flu vaccine's 50% effectiveness.

04:49 Pfizer and Moderna's coronavirus vaccines are showing high levels of effectiveness, with Pfizer's vaccine being 95% effective, and the data has been vetted by independent experts.

08:56 AstraZeneca's vaccine had some dosing issues in their trial, but the vaccine still appears to be at least 60% effective; the side effects of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines include severe fatigue and muscle pain, but they are generally short-lived and not severe enough to require hospitalization; achieving population-wide immunity through vaccination may be challenging due to the need for two shots and potential drop-off in people returning for the second shot.

12:50 Even with the vaccine, the pandemic is likely to end in fits and starts and the duration of vaccine protection is still unknown; scientists are starting to understand why some young and healthy people are getting severely ill from COVID-19.

17:21 Scientists have found that certain genetic mutations may make people more likely to get severely ill from COVID-19, and ongoing efforts are being made to identify more of these mutations.

20:57 Certain genetic mutations, like the one that stopped the brothers' bodies from producing interferon, could potentially be treated with interferon medication, and efforts are being made to screen for these mutations in hospitalized COVID patients; however, there is a growing concern about "long haulers," like Jeffrey Siegelman, who experience persistent symptoms like fatigue, heart palpitations, and brain fog even months after their initial infection.

24:40 Roughly one in eight people still feel sick a month after getting infected with COVID, and one in 50 are still sick three months later, mostly reporting fatigue and headaches, according to a study by Tim Spector.

28:25 There may be at least two different types of long haulers, with some experiencing mainly respiratory symptoms and others experiencing a whole-body reaction, potentially due to an overactive immune system, which could explain why women are more likely to become long haulers than men.