00:00 Mergar, an ancient farming community in present-day Pakistan, was one of the earliest in South Asia and laid the groundwork for the development of the Indus Valley Civilization.

04:37 Before the Indus Valley civilization, South Asia was home to small farming communities and hunter-gatherers, and the Fertile Crescent in the west played a significant role in the development of agriculture and the domestication of crops and animals.

08:54 Early farming in the Fertile Crescent originated in different places and diffused outward to different groups without the populations coming together, and the ancestors of the people in the Indus Valley civilization were not directly related to the herding woman from the Zagrus Mountains.

13:09 The ancestors of the people in the Indus Valley civilization likely lived on the Iranian Plateau before slowly adopting domesticated crops and animals and moving east to the Indus Valley, which was a fertile and ideal place for farming.

17:38 The suite of domesticated crops and animals found in neolithic settlements in the Indus Valley, such as wheat, barley, legumes, lentils, sheep, and goats, indicates that agriculture in the region likely originated from the fertile crescent in the west rather than being independently developed, and the region was already inhabited by various groups of people with different lifestyles and agricultural practices.

21:44 The site of Dham Dhamma on the Ganges Plain, dating back 8,000 or 9,000 years ago, was a rich and occupied area with microlythic artifacts, post homes, fireplaces, and storage pits, and it had a large cemetery with 47 adult burials, suggesting a sense of permanence and ownership of the land; the skeletal remains found at Dham Dhamma indicate that the people were tall, healthy, and engaged in activities such as walking long distances, carrying heavy loads, and throwing spears, and their overall health suggests that their diet was nutritious and consisted of coarse plant foods.

25:51 The people buried at Dham Dhamma thousands of years ago were likely representatives of an ancient ancestral South Indian group, and the majority of the ancestry of people living in South Asia today can be traced back to these ancient populations, as well as later arrivals from the Eurasian steppe and East Asia.

30:15 The people of Mehargar likely migrated from further west, skipping over inhospitable areas, and settled in the area due to its favorable conditions for farming, as evidenced by the fields of wheat and barley and the presence of goats, and they had a unique burial practice of burying their dead inside older structures.

34:15 Mehargar was a sizable settlement that eventually developed a mound structure and had contact with farming communities in Central Asia and the Fertile Crescent, and it played a significant role in the domestication of the Zibu lineage of cattle, which spread throughout South Asia.

38:30 The people of Lahuridewa were living in a permanent settlement, gathering and planting wild rice, hunting various animals, and using rice husk in their pottery vessels, indicating the early stages of rice cultivation in South Asia.

42:43 South Asia had multiple Neolithic cultures with diverse agricultural practices, leading to the emergence of complex societies and the Indus Valley Civilization, which deserves recognition alongside other ancient civilizations.